Catastrophic risk (California TFAIA) - Defined by SB 53 as 'a foreseeable and material risk that a frontier developer's development, storage, use, or deployment of a frontier model will materially contribute to the death of, or serious injury to, more than 50 people or more than one billion dollars ($1,000,000,000) in damage to, or loss of, property arising from a single incident' (California SB 53, Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act).